The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is a stock exchange A stock exchange is an entity which provides "trading" facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade stocks and other securities. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for the issue and redemption of securities as well as other financial instruments and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. The securities located at 11 Wall Street Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange; over time Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood. Wall Street in lower Manhattan Lower Manhattan is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the City of New York. Lower Manhattan or "downtown" is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street, on the west by the Hudson River, on the east by the East River, and on the south by, New York City, USA. It is the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization Market capitalization/capitalisation is a measurement of size of a business enterprise (corporation) equal to the share price times the number of shares outstanding of a public company. As owning stock represents ownership of the company, including all its equity, capitalization could represent the public opinion of a company's net worth and is a of its listed companies at US$ The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. The U.S. dollar is normally abbreviated as the dollar sign, $, or as USD or US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and from others that use the $ symbol. It is divided into 100 cents12.25 trillion as of May 2010.^[4] Average daily trading value was approximately US$ The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. The U.S. dollar is normally abbreviated as the dollar sign, $, or as USD or US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and from others that use the $ symbol. It is divided into 100 cents153 billion in 2008.

The NYSE is operated by NYSE Euronext NYSE Euronext, Inc. (NYSE: NYX) is a Euro-American for-profit corporation that operates multiple securities exchanges, most notably Euronext, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), and NYSE Arca (formerly known as ArcaEx). NYSE Group also operates NYSE Regulation, which is a non-profit Self-Regulatory Organization that oversees securities firms and, which was formed by the NYSE's 2007 merger with the fully electronic stock exchange Euronext Source:"euronext.com". http://www.euronext.com/trader/indicescomposition/composition-4411-EN-FR0003502079.html?selectedMep=1&idInstrument=22218. The NYSE trading floor The terms dealing-room and trading-floor are also used, the latter being inspired from that of a open outcry stock exchange is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of four rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street Broad Street is located in the Financial District in the New York City borough of Manhattan, stretching from South Street to Wall Street, was closed in February 2007. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark A National Historic Landmark is a building, site, structure, object, or district, that is officially recognized by the United States government for its historical significance. Out of more than 80,000 places on the National Register only about 2,430 are NHLs in 1978,^[5] as was the 11 Wall Street building.^[3][6][7]

History

The origin of the NYSE can be traced to May 17, 1792, when the Buttonwood Agreement The Buttonwood Agreement, which took place on May 17, 1792, started the New York Stock & Exchange Board . This agreement was signed by twenty-four stock brokers outside of 68 Wall Street New York under a buttonwood tree. The organization drafted its constitution on March 8th, 1817, and named itself the "New York Stock & Exchange Board& was signed by 24 stock brokers A stock broker or stockbroker is a regulated professional broker who buys and sells shares and other securities through market makers or Agency Only Firms on behalf of investors. A broker may be employed by a brokerage firm outside of 68 Wall Street Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange; over time Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood. Wall Street in New York under a buttonwood tree The American sycamore — also called American plane, Occidental plane and Buttonwood — is a common and familiar species native to North America. It is usually called a sycamore where it is endemic, a name that refers to other, unrelated trees in other parts of the world on Wall Street. On March 8, 1817, the organization drafted a constitution and renamed itself the "New York Stock & Exchange Board." Anthony Stockholm was elected the Exchange's first president.

The first central location of the Exchange was a room, rented in 1792 for $200 a month, located at 40 Wall Street. After that location was destroyed in the Great Fire of New York The Great New York Fire was a conflagration that destroyed the New York Stock Exchange and most of the buildings on the southeast tip of Manhattan around Wall Street on December 16-17, 1835 in 1835, the Exchange moved to a temporary headquarters. In 1863, the New York Stock & Exchange Board changed to its current name, the New York Stock Exchange. In 1865, the Exchange moved to 10-12 Broad Street.

The volume of stocks traded increased sixfold in the years between 1896 and 1901, and a larger space was required to conduct business in the expanding marketplace.^[8] Eight New York City architects were invited to participate in a design competition for a new building; ultimately, the Exchange selected the neoclassic design submitted by architect George B. Post. Demolition of the Exchange building at 10 Broad Street, and adjacent buildings, started on May 10, 1901.

The new building, located at 18 Broad Street, cost $4 million and opened on April 22, 1903. The trading floor, at 109 × 140 feet (33 × 42.5 m), was one of the largest volumes of space in the city at the time, and had a skylight set into a 72-foot (22 m)-high ceiling. The main façade of the building features six tall Corinthian capitals The Corinthian order is one of the three biggest classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. It is the most ornate, characterized by a slender fluted column and an elaborate capital decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. The other two orders were the Doric and the Ionic. When classical architecture was revived during the, topped by a marble sculpture by John Quincy Adams Ward, called “Integrity Protecting the Works of Man”. The building was listed as a National Historic Landmark A National Historic Landmark is a building, site, structure, object, or district, that is officially recognized by the United States government for its historical significance. Out of more than 80,000 places on the National Register only about 2,430 are NHLs and added to the National Register of Historic Places The locations of National Register properties and districts may be seen in a Google map by clicking on "Map of all coordinates" on June 2, 1978.^[9]

In 1922, a building for offices, designed by Trowbridge & Livingston, was added at 11 Broad Street, as well as a new trading floor called the Garage. Additional trading floor space was added in 1969 the Blue Room, and in 1988 the EBR or Extended Blue Room, with the latest technology for information display and communication. Yet another trading floor was opened at 30 Broad Street called the Bond Room in 2000. As the NYSE introduced its hybrid market A hybrid market allows a stock broker to either have his order executed immediately in a fully automated electronic exchange, or to have it routed to the trading floor where it is completed manually via the more traditional live auction method in the presence of a specialist broker. The fully electronic method has the advantage of speed, often, a greater proportion of trading came to be executed electronically, and due to the resulting reduction in demand for trading floor space, the NYSE decided to close the 30 Broad Street trading room in early 2006. As the adoption of electronic trading continued to reduce the number of traders and employees on the floor, in late 2007, the NYSE closed the rooms created by the 1969 and 1988 expansions.

The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was a members-only dining club situated on the seventh floor of the New York Stock Exchange at 11 Wall Street, Manhattan. Founded at 70 Broadway on August 3, 1898, the club moved to 11 Wall Street in 1903 and closed on April 28, 2006, after more than a century was situated on the seventh floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006.^[10]

The NYSE announced its plans to acquire Archipelago NYSE Arca, previously known as ArcaEx, an abbreviation of Archipelago Exchange, is a securities exchange on which both stocks and options are traded. It is owned by NYSE Euronext, which merged with Archipelago Holdings in a reverse merger on 2006-02-27 on April 21, 2005, in a deal intended to reorganize the NYSE as a publicly traded company. NYSE's governing board voted to acquire rival Archipelago on December 6, 2005, and become a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8, 2006. A little over one year later, on April 4, 2007, the NYSE Group completed its merger with Euronext, the European combined stock market, thus forming the NYSE Euronext NYSE Euronext, Inc. (NYSE: NYX) is a Euro-American for-profit corporation that operates multiple securities exchanges, most notably Euronext, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), and NYSE Arca (formerly known as ArcaEx). NYSE Group also operates NYSE Regulation, which is a non-profit Self-Regulatory Organization that oversees securities firms and, the first transatlantic stock exchange.

Presently, Marsh Carter is Chairman of the New York Stock Exchange, having succeeded John S. Reed and the CEO is Duncan Niederauer, having succeeded John Thain.

Notable events

The exchange was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I World War I was a military conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 15 million people were (July 31, 1914), but it partially re-opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds In finance, a bond is a debt security, in which the authorized issuer owes the holders a debt and, depending on the terms of the bond, is obliged to pay interest and/or to repay the principal at a later date, termed maturity. A bond is a formal contract to repay borrowed money with interest at fixed intervals, and completely reopened for stock trading in mid-December.

On September 16, 1920, a bomb exploded on Wall Street The Wall Street bombing occurred at 12:01 p.m. on September 16, 1920, in the Financial District of New York City. Thirty-eight people were killed and 400 injured by the blast. It was more deadly than the 1910 bombing of the Los Angeles Times building by the McNamara brothers and would remain the deadliest bomb attack on U.S. soil for nearly seven outside the NYSE building, killing 33 people and injuring more than 400. The perpetrators were never found. The NYSE building and some buildings nearby, such as the JP Morgan JPMorgan Chase & Co. is one of the oldest financial services firms in the world. It has operations in 60 countries. It is a leader in financial services with assets of $2 trillion, and the largest market capitalization and third largest deposit base U.S. banking institution behind Wells Fargo and Bank of America. The hedge fund unit of building, still have marks on their facades caused by the bombing.

The Black Thursday The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout crash of the Exchange on October 24, 1929, and the sell-off panic which started on Black Tuesday The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout, October 29, are often blamed for precipitating the Great Depression of 1929 The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century, and is used. In an effort to try to restore investor confidence, the Exchange unveiled a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public on October 31, 1938.

On October 1, 1934, the exchange was registered as a national securities exchange with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is a federal agency which holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets in the United States. In addition to the 1934 Act that created it, the SEC enforces, with a president and a thirty-three member board. On February 18, 1971 the non-profit corporation was formed, and the number of board members was reduced to twenty-five.

One of Abbie Hoffman Abbot Howard "Abbie" Hoffman was an American social and political activist who co-founded the Youth International Party ("Yippies")'s well-known protests took place on August 24, 1967, when he led members of the Yippie The Youth International Party, whose members were commonly called Yippies, was a more radically youth-oriented and countercultural offshoot of the free speech and anti-war movements of the 1960s. It was founded in 1968. They employed theatrical gestures — such as advancing a pig as a candidate for President in 1968 — to mock the social status movement to the gallery of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The protesters threw fistfuls of dollars (most of the bills were fake) down to the traders below, some of whom booed, while others began to scramble frantically to grab the money as fast as they could^{[citation needed]}. Hoffman claimed to be pointing out that, metaphorically, that's what NYSE traders "were already doing." "We didn't call the press," wrote Hoffman, "at that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event." The press was quick to respond and by evening the event was reported around the world. Since that incident, the stock exchange has spent $20,000 to enclose the gallery with bulletproof glass.

On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average The Dow Jones Industrial Average, also referred to as the Industrial Average, the Dow Jones, the Dow 30, or simply the Dow, is one of several stock market indices created by Wall Street Journal editor and Dow Jones & Company co-founder Charles Dow. The average is named after Dow and one of his business associates, statistician Edward Jones. It (DJIA) dropped 508 points, a 22.6% loss in a single day, the second-biggest one-day drop the exchange had experienced, prompting officials at the exchange to invoke for the first time the "circuit breaker" rule to halt all trading. This was a very controversial move and led to a quick change in the rule; trading now halts for an hour, two hours, or the rest of the day when the DJIA drops 10, 20, or 30 percent, respectively. In the afternoon, the 10% and 20% drops will halt trading for a shorter period of time, but a 30% drop will always close the exchange for the day. The rationale behind the trading halt was to give investors a chance to cool off and reevaluate their positions. Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday, a day in which the Exchange's systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades.

Consequently, there would be another major drop for the Dow on October 13, 1989; the Mini-Crash of 1989 The Friday the 13th mini-crash refers to the stock market crash that occurred on Friday, October 13, 1989. The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation, the parent company of United Airlines, which fell through. When the UAL deal fell through it helped trigger the. The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation, the parent company of United Airlines United Air Lines, Inc., doing business as United Airlines , is a major airline based in the United States and one of the world's largest airlines with 48,000 employees and 360 aircraft. It is a subsidiary of UAL Corporation with corporate offices in Chicago. United's largest hub is Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. United also has hubs in, which broke down. When the UAL deal fell through, it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond In finance, a high yield bond is a bond that is rated below investment grade at the time of purchase. These bonds have a higher risk of default or other adverse credit events, but typically pay higher yields than better quality bonds in order to make them attractive to investors market causing the Dow to fall 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent.

Similarly, there was a panic in the financial world during the year of 1997; the Asian Financial Crisis The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997, and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion. Like the fall of many foreign markets, the Dow suffered a 7.18% drop in value (554.26 points) on October 27, 1997, in what later became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash The October 27, 1997 mini-crash is the name of a global stock market crash that was caused by an economic crisis in Asia . The points loss that the Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered on this day still ranks as the sixth biggest points loss in its 112-year existence. The crash halted trading of stocks on the New York Stock Exchange for the first but from which the DJIA recovered quickly.

On January 26, 2000, an altercation during filming of the music video for Sleep Now in the Fire "Sleep Now in the Fire" is the fifth track from the 1999 album The Battle of Los Angeles by the band Rage Against the Machine. It was released as a single in 2000. The song contains lyrics about greed, such as the conquest of Native Americans and U.S. slavery in the 1800s as well as criticism of actions taken by the US government in, which was directed by Michael Moore Michael Francis Moore is an American filmmaker, author and liberal political commentator. He is the director and producer of Bowling for Columbine, Fahrenheit 9/11, Sicko, and Capitalism: A Love Story, four of the top nine highest-grossing documentaries of all time. In September 2008, he released his first free movie on the Internet, Slacker, caused the doors of the exchange to be closed and the band, Rage Against the Machine Rage Against the Machine is an American rock band, formed in 1991 in Los Angeles, California. The band's line-up comprises vocalist Zack de la Rocha, guitarist Tom Morello, bassist Tim Commerford and drummer Brad Wilk. Critics have noted Rage Against the Machine for its "fiercely polemical music, which brewed sloganeering leftist rants, to be escorted from the site by security,^[11] after band members attempted to gain entry into the exchange.^[12] Trading on the exchange floor, however, continued uninterrupted.^[13]

On May 6, 2010, the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the October 19, 1987 crash, with a 998 point loss later being called the Flash Crash (As the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding). The SEC and CFTC published a report on the event, although it did not come to a conclusion as to the cause. The regulators found no evidence that the fall was caused by erroneous ("fat finger") orders.^[14]

Trading

The New York Stock Exchange (sometimes referred to as "the Big Board") provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade In finance, a trader is someone who buys and sells financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, commodities and derivatives. A broker who simply fills buy or sell orders is not a trader, as they are merely executing instructions given to them shares of stock in companies registered for public trading. The NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday between 9:30am – 4:00pm ET, with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.

On the trading floor, the NYSE trades in a continuous auction format, where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors. They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker, who is employed by an NYSE member firm (that is, he/she is not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange), acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction. They do on occasion (approximately 10% of the time) facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and as a matter of course disseminate information to the crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together.

As of January 24, 2007, all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic Hybrid Market (except for a small group of very high-priced stocks). Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution, or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market. In the first three months of 2007, in excess of 82% of all order volume was delivered to the floor electronically.^[15]

The right to directly trade shares on the exchange is conferred upon owners of the 1366 "seats". The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade. In 1868, the number of seats was fixed at 533, and this number was increased several times over the years. In 1953, the exchange stopped at 1366 seats. These seats are a sought-after commodity as they confer the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE. Seat prices have varied widely over the years, generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions. The most expensive inflation-adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for $625,000, which, today, would be over six million dollars. In recent times, seats have sold for as high as $4 million in the late 1990s and $1 million in 2001. In 2005, seat prices shot up to $3.25 million as the exchange was set to merge with Archipelago and become a for-profit, publicly traded company. Seat owners received $500,000 cash per seat and 77,000 shares of the newly formed corporation. The NYSE now sells one-year licenses to trade directly on the exchange.

NYSE Composite Index

In the mid-1960s, the NYSE Composite Index (NYSE: NYA) was created, with a base value of 50 points equal to the 1965 yearly close. This was done to reflect the value of all stocks trading at the exchange instead of just the 30 stocks included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. To raise the profile of the composite index, in 2003 the NYSE set its new base value of 5,000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close.

Timeline

In 1792, The NYSE acquires its first traded securities .^[16][17] In 1817, The constitution of the New York Stock and Exchange Board is adopted.^[18] In 1867, The First Stock Ticker.^[19] In 1896, Dow Jones Industrial Average first published in The Wall Street Journal.^[19] In 1903, NYSE moves into new quarters at 18 Broad Street. In 1906, Dow exceeds 100 on January 12. In 1907, Panic of 1907. In 1914, World War I causes the longest exchange shutdown: four months, two weeks; re-opening December 12 brings the largest one-day percentage drop in the DJIA (24.4%). In 1915, Market price is given in dollars. In 1929, Central quote system established; Black Thursday, October 24 and Black Tuesday, October 29 signal the end of the Roaring Twenties bull market. In 1943, Trading floor is opened to women.^[20] In 1949, Longest (eight-year) bull market begins.^[21]

In 1954, Dow surpasses its 1929 peak in inflation-adjusted dollars. In 1956, Dow closes above 500 for the first time on March 12. In 1966, the NYSE begins a composite index of all listed common stocks. This is referred to as the "Common Stock Index" and is transmitted daily. The starting point of the index is 50. It is later renamed the NYSE Composite Index.^[22] In 1967, Protesters led by Abbie Hoffman throw mostly fake dollar bills at traders from gallery, leading to the installation of bullet-proof glass. In 1970, Securities Investor Protection Corporation established. In 1971, NYSE recognized as Not-for-Profit organization.^[22] In 1972, Dow closes above 1,000 for the first time on November 14. In 1977, Foreign brokers are admitted to NYSE. In 1980, New York Futures Exchange established. In 1982, Longest bull market in DJIA history begins. In 1987, Black Monday, October 19, sees the second-largest one-day DJIA percentage drop (22.6%) in history. In 1991, Dow exceeds 3,000. In 1995, Dow exceeds 5,000. In 1996, Real-time ticker introduced.^[23] In 1999, Dow exceeds 10,000 on March 29. In 2000, Dow peaks at 11,722.98 on January 14; first NYSE global index is launched under the ticker NYIID.

In 2001, Trading in fractions (n/16) ends, replaced by decimals (increments of $.01, see Decimalisation); September 11, 2001 attacks occur, closing NYSE for 4 sessions. In 2003, NYSE Composite Index relaunched and value set equal to 5,000 points. In 2006, NYSE and ArcaEx merge, creating NYSE Arca and forming the publicly owned, for-profit NYSE Group, Inc.; in turn, NYSE Group merges with Euronext, creating the first trans-Atlantic stock exchange group; DJIA tops 12,000 on October 19. In 2007, US President George W. Bush shows up unannounced to the Floor about an hour and a half before a Federal Open Market Committee interest-rate decision on January 31.^[24] NYSE announces its merger with the American Stock Exchange; NYSE Composite closes above 10,000 on June 1; DJIA exceeds 14,000 on July 19 and closes at a peak of 14,164.53 on October 9. This was the peak of the early-to-mid 2000s boom before the 2008–2009 bust.

In 2008, On September 15, the DJIA loses more than 500 points amid fears of bank failures, resulting in a permanent prohibition of naked short selling and a three-week temporary ban on all short selling of financial stocks; in spite of this, record volatility continues for the next two months, culminating at 5½-year market lows. In 2009, Dow closes at 6547.05 on March 9 reaching a 12 year low. Returns to 10,015.86 on October 14. *2010 - Dow suffers largest intraday point decline in its history during a massive selloff believed to have been sparked by a single sell order of Procter & Gamble sent to the NYSE.^[25]

See also

• Economy of New York City
• List of American stock exchanges
• List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange
• U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

Notes

1. ^ World-exchanges.org
2. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23. http://www.nr.nps.gov/.
3. ^ ^{a b} "New York Stock Exchange". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. 2007-09-17. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1776&ResourceType=Building.
4. ^ World-exchanges.org
5. ^ National Park Service, National Historic Landmarks Survey, New York, retrieved May 31, 2007.
6. ^ George R. Adams (March 1977). "New York Stock Exchange National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination (1MB PDF)" (PDF). National Park Service. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/78001877.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
7. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination (1MB PDF)" (PDF). National Park Service. 1983. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/78001877.pdf.
8. ^ The Building NYSE Group history
9. ^ National Register Number: 78001877 National Historic Landmark
10. ^ Edmonston, Peter (2006-04-28). "Where Wall Street Meets to Eat, the Last Lunch". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/business/28lunch.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
11. ^ "Rage against Wall Street". Green Left Weekly #397. March 15, 2000. http://www.greenleft.org.au/2000/397/24186. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
12. ^ Basham, David (January 28, 2000). "Rage Against the Machine Shoots New Video With Michael Moore". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1433553/20000128/rage_against_the_machine.jhtml. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
13. ^ "New York Stock Exchange Special Closings, 1885-date" (PDF). NYSE Group. http://www.nyse.com/pdfs/closings.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
14. ^ SEC.gov
15. ^ Shell, Adam (2007-07-12). "Technology squeezes out real, live traders". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/money/markets/2007-07-11-nyse-traders_N.htm.
16. ^ "NYSE, New York Stock Exchange > About Us > History > Firsts & Records". Nyse.com. http://www.nyse.com/about/history/1022221392987.html. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
17. ^ "NYSE, New York Stock Exchange > About Us > History > Timeline > Timeline 2008 Specialists are Transformed into Designated Market Makers (DMMs)". Nyse.com. 1991-01-01. http://www.nyse.com/about/history/timeline_trading.html. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
18. ^ "NYSE, New York Stock Exchange > About Us > History > Timeline > Timeline". Nyse.com. http://www.nyse.com/about/history/timeline_chronology_index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
19. ^ ^{a b} "NYSE, New York Stock Exchange > About Us > History > Timeline > Timeline". Nyse.com. http://www.nyse.com/about/history/timeline_1860_1899_index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
20. ^ NYSE: Timeline"
21. ^ "NYSE, New York Stock Exchange > About Us > History > Timeline > Timeline". Nyse.com. http://www.nyse.com/about/history/timeline_1940_1959_index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
22. ^ ^{a b} "NYSE, New York Stock Exchange > About Us > History > Timeline > Timeline". Nyse.com. 1967-12-20. http://www.nyse.com/about/history/timeline_1960_1979_index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
23. ^ "NYSE, New York Stock Exchange > About Us > History > Timeline 1995 Video: Trading Posts Upgrade". Nyse.com. 1991-01-01. http://www.nyse.com/about/history/timeline_1980_1999_index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
24. ^ Katy Byron (2007-01-31). "President Bush makes surprise visit to NYSE". CNN Money (Cable News Network). http://money.cnn.com/2007/01/31/news/newsmakers/markets_bush/index.htm?postversion=2007013115. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
25. ^ Computer Trading Is Eyed, wsj.com

References

• Buck, James E. (1992). The New York Stock Exchange: The First 200 Years. Greenwich Pub. Group. ISBN 0944641024.
• Geisst, Charles R. (2004). Wall Street: A History - From its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195170601.
• Kent, Zachary (1990). The Story of the New York Stock Exchange. Scholastic Library Pub.. ISBN 0516047485.
• Sloane, Leonard (1980). The Anatomy of the Floor. Doubleday. ISBN 0385122497.
• Sobel, Robert (1975). N.Y.S.E.: A History of the New York Stock Exchange, 1935–1975. Weybright and Talley. ISBN 0679401245.

External links

• New York Stock Exchange website
• Price of membership and a seat

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